Home

>

Study in Canada

>

Universities in Canada

>

Cape Breton University

>

Bachelor of Engineering Transfer - Electrical and Computer Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering Transfer - Electrical and Computer Engineering

at Cape Breton University Canada

Overview

One look at island life and it becomes clear: CBU is a special place that is focused and determined to make the world a better place. The passion for innovation and collaboration runs deep in our history and fuels our future.

The engineering transfer program is offered at CBU on an associate basis with Dalhousie University. CBU is one of the few Associated Universities to offer the first two years of all seven engineering disciplines. These include civil, environmental, mineral resource, electrical, industrial, mechanical and chemical engineering. We deliver the first two years of the four-year Bachelor of Engineering program.

The first year of the program is common for all seven discipline options. At the end of the first year, you must make a decision on a specialty. Application is made at this time to both CBU and Dalhousie for a seat in the particular discipline of choice.

During year two, you will be registered at both CBU and Dalhousie University.

Students can also combine a BSc in either chemistry or mathematics with the Engineering Diploma. This program requires a third year of study at CBU to complete the BSc, followed by two years at Dalhousie University to complete the BEng.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Reduce complex problems using appropriate assumptions.
  • Identify appropriate engineering tools for real-world problems.
  • Learn to plan for safety and sustainability issues.
  • Explain interactions between technical systems in various contexts.
  • Become an effective leader and team member.

Why study at CBU?

  • Our friendly, welcoming, respectful community helps engineering students connect solutions with real-world problems.
  • By starting the BEng Transfer Program at a smaller institution, students get individualized attention and support from experienced faculty, which is critical for success.
  • CBU is home to the newest Engineering Department in Nova Scotia, and second in size only to Dalhousie University. CBU is also one of the few Associated Universities to offer the first two years of all eight engineering disciplines.
Read More

30

Application Processing Days

Under Graduate

Program Level

Fact & Figures

Full Time On Campus

Study Mode

48

Duration

Cape Breton University

Location

Bachelor of Engineering Transfer - Electrical and Computer Engineering Assistant Fee

$18192

Tuition Fee

$10000

Average Cost of Living

$103

Application Fee

Bachelor of Engineering Transfer - Electrical and Computer Engineering Admissions Requirements

  • Minimum Level of Education Required: To be accepted into this program, applicants must have Grade 12 / High School Diploma or equivalent including the following required course(s):
    • English 12 (Academic or Advanced)
    • Math 12 (Academic or Advanced, pre-cal recommended)
    • 2 Science 12 level (Chemistry & Physics recommended)
    • 1 additional grade 12 academic or advanced level courses
plane

Get superfast admissions at top Bachelor of Engineering Transfer - Electrical and Computer Engineering institutes in 2024

Benefits of choosing

edmission

Admission’s guaranteed at Top institutes across the world.

Enjoy exclusive application fee waiver’s with Edmissions.

Unlimited FREE Counselling sessions with Edmission’s Experts

Get Tips from industry veterans to crack the IELTS exam in 1 week.

Assistance with scholarships, loans, forex, student accommodation and visa guidance.

Where would you like to study*

Work Permit Canada

Students who wish to work in Canada require a work permit to do so. A student in Canada can work part-time during the course of his studies and full-time during holidays and semester breaks and post the completion of their course/program.

Rules for getting a part-time work visa in Canada

You can also work part-time on campus at your university.

Work Permit

Duration

Your part-time work permit will be valid for as long as you have a valid study permit.

Working Hours

20 Hours/Week

As a full-time student, you can work for a maximum of 20 hours a week. However, you can work full- time during holidays and breaks.

Document Required to Work in Canada

List

To apply for a work permit, you will need a study permit that mentions that you are allowed to work part-time on campus.

Social Insurance Number

Study Permit

You will need a Social Insurance Number (SIN) to Service Canada. if you wish to work in Canada during the course of your studies. To apply for the same, you need a valid study permit, and you should be a full- time student at a recognized university.

You can work part-time off-campus if you are studying in the Quebec province.

Duration of Work Permit Canada

Your part-time work permit will be valid for as long as you have a valid study permit.

Work Hours Canada

As a full-time student, you can work for a maximum of 20 hours a week. However, you can work full- time during holidays and breaks.

Document Required to Work in Canada

To apply for a work permit, you will need a study permit that mentions that you are allowed to work part-time on campus.

Social Insurance Number

You will need a Social Insurance Number (SIN) to Service Canada if you wish to work in Canada during the course of your studies. To apply for the same, you need a valid study permit, and you should be a full- time student at a recognized university.

Working after completing your course

In Canada, you will need a work permit to get a full-time job in Canada after finishing your studies. You chose a work permit like the Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) if you wish to stay back in Canada and work full-time.

Visit Government of Canada Website for more detail

Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP)

The Post- Graduation Work Permit (PGWP) allows you to work for three years in Canada if you have completed a two years degree or more.

Application

how can i apply

You can either apply online or download the form and mail the application along with the required documents. Pay your fee and then wait for the decision to come.

Application Documents Required

List

To apply for the work visa, you need a degree from a recognized and accredited Canadian University along with an intention to stay and work in Canada only temporarily.

When to Apply?

One can apply for the full-time work permit in the first three months post the completion of their course during which the study permit is still valid.

How long does it take?

90 days

You will have to wait for 90 days for the decision on your work permit.

Duration

3 Years

The work permit is valid for 3 years if you have completed a two years degree program or more.

Fees

CAD 255

The fee for the work permit is CAD 255 plus the holder fee and the work permit processing fee.

Monthly Wages

CAD 1,600

An applicant is guaranteed a minimum salary of CAD 1,600 per month while working in Canada. This amount though varies on the job and the province you are working in.

Work Hours Canada

No Limit

There is no maximum limit, and you can work for as many hours as you want on the full-time work permit.

Required Documents

List

To apply for the work visa, you will need the following documents:

  • Forms: IMM 5710, IMM 5476 and IMM 5475;
  • Graduation Proof
  • Proof of payment of work permit fees
  • Copies of your travel and identification documents, passport pages and current immigration document.

Till a decision is made on your work visa, you can continue to work full time. All you need to have is your completed degree, should have applied for the permit before the expiry of your study permit and you should be allowed to work off-campus.

Information

Disclaimer

The information provided about the work permit is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. All recommendations are made without any guarantee on the part of the author or the publisher. The author and the publisher, therefore, disclaim any liability in connection to and with the use of this information.

Detailed Program and Facts

30

Application Processing Days

Full Time On Campus

Program Intensity

Under Graduate

Program Level

48

Duration

Study Visa

Student Visa For Canada

Any student who wishes to study in Canada requires a student visa. Some of the essential information for the application process is given below.

When Should I Apply?

4 to 6 months

Ideally, one should apply for the study permit at least 4 to 6 months before the commencement of your course/program.

Bank Account

No Need!

There is no need for a blocked bank account to apply for a student visa to Canada.

Duration of visa

Course Duration + 3 Months

The student visa is valid for the entire period of your course plus three months.

Time to Wait for Visa

35 Days

It takes time. It might take up to 35 days post your interview for the application process to complete and for you to finally receive your visa.

Appointment

Required

It varies from applicant to applicant, but one may have to take part in one or two visa appointments, namely a medical examination and a visa interview.

How you can apply

Application Process

An applicant can either apply online or offline by visiting a visa application centre and submitting their documents. After the analysis of your application, you might be called for an interview.

Fee

Visa Fee

The visa application fee for Canada is CAD 150.

Minimum Funds

833 CAD, 917 CAD

You require a minimum monthly amount to be deposited into your account to prove that you can sustain yourself while studying in Canada. If you are studying in Quebec, you need to have a monthly minimum of CAD 917, and if you are studying in a province except for Quebec, you need to have a minimum of CAD 833 per month.

Any other expenses

Required

You will have to pay a medical examination fee and a visa application service fee to the tune of CAD 15 if you visit a visa application centre to apply for your visa.

Medical Examination

Required

One has to undergo a series of medical examinations to be deemed fit for a student visa of Canada. The tests mostly include blood and urine tests, chest x-rays and other organ checkups.

Language Skills

Not Required

one doesn’t need to prove their language skills in applying for a Canadian Visa.

Disclaimer: The information provided about the work permit is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. All recommendations are made without any guarantee on the part of the author or the publisher. The author and the publisher, therefore, disclaim any liability in connection to and with the use of this information.

English Test Requirement

6.5

Minimum Overall Score

80.0

Minimum Overall Score

59.0

Minimum Overall Score

Other Courses by Cape Breton University,Canada

Environmental Studies & Earth Sciences

Bachelor of Arts and Science in Environment

Help contribute to a future we can all be proud of with a Bachelor of Arts and Science in Environment (BASE). CBU’s first fully interdisciplinary degree, the BASE program takes advantage of the natural resources available among the breathtaking scenery on Cape Breton Island. The BASE program reflects a university-wide commitment to teaching and research in environment and sustainability, and is enriched by Indigenous perspectives.

With dedicated professors and unprecedented research opportunities, the breadth of the BASE program ensures graduates have wide-ranging skill sets. When you enroll in BASE, you are immersed in three streams simultaneously: a science concentration; an arts/social science concentration; and a core set of environment-themed courses specially designed for this program.

Each year, the themes of these courses may change to reflect our world-class faculty’s specialties or timely environmental issues. Respect for, and inclusion of, Indigenous knowledge is a guiding principle of BASE. All students will have the opportunity to take Mi’kmaq Studies courses toward their degree, preparing you to be an active and responsible agent in the development of sustainable environmental practices.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Communication and writing in science and arts/humanities fields.
  • Critical thinking skills.
  • Experience in multiple academic disciplines.
  • Solid background in science and arts/humanities/social science.
  • Deep knowledge of relevant environmental issues.

Why study at CBU?

  • This dynamic program attracts students from around the globe who are passionate about making a positive impact on the ever-changing world around them.
  • The BASE program was developed with two primary objectives: to bridge the arts and sciences; and to provide a unique education in environmental issues and sustainability.
  • The entire island is yours to explore. That’s why you’ll find learning outcomes include knowledge about local and global environmental issues, as well as practical skills in writing, and quantitative and qualitative analysis. Plus, the fluid communication of ideas in a small-knit community means your hard work will get noticed. At its core, this program prepares students to consider environmental issues from a broad range of angles, and to develop interdisciplinary approaches to creating solutions.

Experiential Learning Opportunities

  • Field Course (ENVS3104)
  • Volunteer and extracurricular opportunities (e. CBU Environmental Society, Science Atlantic Environment Conference)
  • Co-op option, examples include:
    • Parks Canada technical positions
    • Parks Canada Outreach and Education positions
    • ACAP
    • Cape Breton Fish Harvesters Association technical positions
    • CBU research assistantships
    • Tourism organizations outreach positions

48 month

Duration

$ 18880

Tuition

On Cape Breton Island, you’ll find the path to your successful future by discovering today’s world of psychology. With students coming to study at CBU from over 40 countries around the world, our diverse campus of thought leaders set the stage for your future success.

Psychology courses at CBU emphasize the genetic, physiological, sensory, cognitive, personality-based and social structures that mediate behaviour and mental processes. As the science that examines the structure and function of behaviour and mental processes, we’re proud to offer relevant programs for today’s world.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Understanding of mental health
  • Learn theories and history of psychology
  • General research skills·
  • Specific knowledge to your specialization

Why study at CBU?

  • At CBU, our comprehensive curriculum focuses on understanding individual behaviour so you can apply your skills to a wide variety of opportunities in the field of psychology. Studying psychology here will provide you with the skills you need to think, be innovative and design your own experiments to answer your own questions. You will critique work, yours and others, as well as conduct and report on experiments to help build a foundation for tomorrow.
  • With modern facilities and breathtaking scenery, not many places in the world can offer what Cape Breton Island can offer. Plus, with accessible and experienced faculty, CBU encourages active research alongside your professors.
  • Because hard work and dedication are noticed here, students are often hired as research assistants to help professors in their duties. Here, we also believe that what we learn from psychological research can be used to understand past, current, or future events. That means the knowledge you gain at CBU can also help analyze mental health issues, and improve education, employment and relationships.
  • Our Honours Psychology Program (BA, BSc, or BACS) provides advanced training in research methods, statistical analysis, as well as guaranteed one-on-one thesis supervision. This program prepares students wishing to go on to graduate school or professional programs.

48 month

Duration

$ 16560

Tuition

One look at island life and it becomes clear: CBU is a special place that is focused and determined to make the world a better place. The passion for innovation and collaboration runs deep in our history and fuels our future.

The engineering transfer program is offered at CBU on an associate basis with Dalhousie University. CBU is one of the few Associated Universities to offer the first two years of all seven engineering disciplines. These include civil, environmental, mineral resource, electrical, industrial, mechanical and chemical engineering. We deliver the first two years of the four-year Bachelor of Engineering program.

The first year of the program is common for all seven discipline options. At the end of the first year, you must make a decision on a specialty. Application is made at this time to both CBU and Dalhousie for a seat in the particular discipline of choice. During year two, you will be registered at both CBU and Dalhousie University.

Students can also combine a BSc in either chemistry or mathematics with the Engineering Diploma. This program requires a third year of study at CBU to complete the BSc, followed by two years at Dalhousie University to complete the BEng.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Reduce complex problems using appropriate assumptions.
  • Identify appropriate engineering tools for real-world problems.
  • Learn to plan for safety and sustainability issues.
  • Explain interactions between technical systems in various contexts.
  • Become an effective leader and team member.

Why study at CBU?

  • Our friendly, welcoming, respectful community helps engineering students connect solutions with real-world problems.
  • By starting the BEng Transfer Program at a smaller institution, students get individualized attention and support from experienced faculty, which is critical for success.
  • CBU is home to the newest Engineering Department in Nova Scotia, and second in size only to Dalhousie University. CBU is also one of the few Associated Universities to offer the first two years of all eight engineering disciplines.

48 month

Duration

$ 18800

Tuition

The BACS degree is highly flexible, with a wide range of opportunities for academic specialization as well as highly specific focused degrees in different areas of study. The program is a process-oriented, experiential degree program that prepares students for the job market. The core community studies courses are focused on problem-solving, critical thinking, community-based research and work placements.

Why study at CBU?
What makes the decision to study at CBU the right decision to make? The unique academic programs. The undergraduate research opportunities. The people. The location. It all comes together to create the perfect environment for learning and living. And as #8 on the top islands to visit in the world by Travel + Leisure Magazine, CBU prides itself on our beautiful landscapes, tradition of excellence and innovative culture of collaboration.

Our BACS degree offers a unique experiential education with volunteer or work placements built into the core of the program. We strive to ensure students have real work experience before graduation. Additionally, students engage with their communities in projects that help foster both community awareness and establish a true sense of teamwork.

CBU also provides an easy destination for transfer students as CBU has articulation agreements with Nova Scotia Community College (NSCC) and a number of other Canadian colleges. In some areas of study, it is possible to complete a three-year BACS degree entirely online.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Critical thinking
  • Problem solving
  • Reflective learning
  • Workplace experience
  • Community involvement

36 month

Duration

$ 19579

Tuition

Knowledge of the law reduces vulnerability. The ability to understand the laws of employment, the fundamentals of business law and the importance of policies concerning good governance are all critical skills.

A legal studies concentration at CBU focuses on ensuring an understanding of legal risk identification and management. We offer courses that range from a formal introduction, to more specific and complex overview of the Canadian legal system.

Students with a love for law will thrive in the legal studies concentration, gaining a perspective that allows them to better appreciate the importance of fundamental skills. You’ll be encouraged to explore a number of legal topical areas that are directly related to the business sector, but also relate to personal and private life activities.
What skills will I gain from this program?

  •     Understand how the legal system works; different levels of courts and how the courts interact; roles of the various participants in the Canadian justice system.
  •     Identify and find information to aid in the understanding of legal questions.
  •     Explore the practical aspects of legal situations to enable avoidance and response management techniques.
  •     Develop research skills that assist both in future legal studies and the legal profession.
  •     Argument development and presentation skills.
  •     Management of legal risks for personal, professional and business life activities.
  •     Personal confidence to understand and respond to legal matters.

Why study at CBU?

At CBU, we believe that a fair and open society revolves around adherence to the legal system. It’s that common belief that gives students like you the chance to let your skills shine, and the opportunity to use your solutions to solve actual problems.

Our practical approach to law equips students with real life skills through the legal studies concentration. Individual course elements enable students to explore specific legal areas that relate to the public and private sectors. Students will also have the ability to include some legal studies course offerings into their choice of major or concentration, or to complete a legal studies concentration.

Students at CBU can incorporate as many of the legal studies courses as their program allows. This provides the option to acquire a strong foundation in the substantive areas of employment, administrative, criminal, business, public health and legal research.

48 month

Duration

$ 17522

Tuition

Arts & Humanities

Bachelor of Arts

Plot a course from here that can take you anywhere you want to go. With a BA from CBU, you’ll have an exciting, contemporary and challenging opportunity to learn about the world around you. By gaining the knowledge, leadership skills and critical thinking required to succeed in the real world, students adapt a cross-cultural perspective that’s truly unique to Cape Breton University.

Here, we help you find the right skills to provide the solutions every industry needs. That’s why our graduates are so sought after by prospective employers. At CBU, you gain important, transferable skills in a distinct, natural environment that inspires your learning and stimulates your senses. Take the time you need to clear your head along our rugged coastlines and focus on your personal growth.

Our BA program encompasses the study of the arts, humanities and social sciences. Students come to CBU to explore human inquiry and activity from a wide variety of vantage points and specializations. By being engaged both locally and globally, a solid foundation is set to build a lasting, successful career.

36 month

Duration

$ 18800

Tuition

Communication helps the world work together. It helps people see the world more clearly, and helps to create mutual understanding. This is especially true when your world is an island wonderland filled with unlimited opportunity and intellectual resources. That’s Cape Breton and this is CBU – a place where you can learn to communicate with efficiency, respect and effectiveness. Here, you leverage your naturally existing communication skills to amplify and expand your other communication-based talents.

Clear and creative communication is critically important for safe, stable communities and workplaces. That’s why we’re proud to say Cape Breton University offers the only communication major in the Maritimes.

The theories and skills learned in our program are essential for successful careers, healthy relationships and the development of a deep understanding of communication and its functions in society. Through our on-campus and distance courses, communication students explore various areas of interpersonal and public communication, media studies and cultural studies. These dynamic and energetic environments allow students to develop the skills and knowledge base needed to critically examine and understand communication in all aspects of society

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Critical thinking and reflection skills
  • Conflict management / resolution
  • Effective public speaking skills
  • Effective interpersonal communication skills
  • Media literacy and analytic approaches to media messages
  • Leadership, team building and collaborative working skills
  • Ability to apply communication theory in wide-ranging contexts

Why study at CBU?

  • At CBU, our modern facilities and experienced faculty guide you through the intricacies of communication. This includes areas that touch on relationships, communities, culture, history and technology. We believe communication is ever-changing and evolving, so our faculty continue to stay up-to-date by exploring the impact that new technologies, practices and forms have on our daily lives.
  • With the guidance of a communication lab peer facilitator, students work in small groups and participate in dynamic, hands-on activities and discussions. These discussions help them put into practice the communication theories and skills they study in the classroom. Peer facilitators are upper-level students who have excelled in their studies and have a passion for helping other students develop as communicators. Peer facilitators take our communication facilitation courses and receive training to gain personal and professional experience in this unique leadership role.

48 month

Duration

$ 18800

Tuition

Cape Breton Island is a hotbed of culture, with a rich, varied landscape of traditions and lore. Traditionally, folklore is the study of informal culture.

The study of a group’s folklore yields valuable insights into how that group operates in the world, but also reveals biases, prejudices and other obstacles to a more inclusive worldview. Most often, folklore is expressive and manifests itself in certain forms, such as story and song, festival and feast, architecture and craft. Although these forms may be manifested in a distinct way by each group, they recur in similar ways across cultures, so folklore examines both the particular context and the general formal patterns of expressive culture.

After providing a solid introduction to folklore genres, analytical approaches and ethnographic methods, folklore students take a balance of regional folklore courses (courses primarily about folklore in Atlantic Canada), and courses emphasizing genres and issues (such as urban legend, gender, food and cultural tourism).

CBU students learn practical skills in interviewing, fieldwork, and ethnographic research while also gaining an awareness of international heritage policy. Folklore’s interdisciplinary nature promotes sharing concerns, methods and insights with others. Through this group learning dynamic, folklore students acquire skills and knowledge that are applicable in a wide range of careers.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Understand how folklore informs our worldview.
  • Recognize the prevalence of folklore in contemporary society.
  • Ethnographic fieldwork.
  • Analyze the use of traditional forms and styles in popular culture.
  • Research and writing.

48 month

Duration

$ 18800

Tuition

Students from across the global and political spectrum come to Cape Breton University for a chance to make a real impact in the world around them. When you study political science at CBU, you learn from more than books. You’re learning from a rich environment shaped by local, national and global politics.

We pride ourselves on having accessible professors who are highly qualified and dedicated professionals. Some are authors of respected books, journal articles and research studies. Others are engaged as leaders in local, national and international activities that shape political science education. Their goal is the same as yours: to help you obtain an enhanced understanding of the subjects that will help pave your path to success.

The political science program at CBU responds to the issues of our time. Our Department of L‘nu, Political, and Social Studies offers a variety of courses in the fields of Canadian law, international law, social justice, public policy, public administration, international relations and political theory.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Analytical, independent and structural thinking
  • Quantitative and qualitative research skills
  • Understanding of how governments work
  • Management and community development skills
  • Critical understanding of important issues in global politics
  • Develop an awareness of colonialism and decolonization

Why study at CBU?

  • The political science program at CBU has a solid reputation for hard work, innovation, and commitment to excellence. Firmly grounded in the liberal arts and social sciences, our program provides students with the analytical tools and critical thinking skills to constructively contribute to society.
  • Political scientists are called upon to examine and challenge the groups, systems and institutions that perpetuate injustice. Issues that impact real communities are the types of issues we study every day, including worldwide issues such as global warming, or local issues such as social and economic development.
  • Our approachable faculty enable you to draw knowledge from their experience with public administration, governance, community economic development, social justice, the environment and democracy.

48 month

Duration

$ 18800

Tuition

Just like organizations who are made up of people who interact to accomplish shared objectives, Cape Breton University is made up of students all working toward the same goal. That goal is to educate themselves for a better way of life for their families and their communities.

The study of human resources (HR) helps us understand why people are so important to the success of business operations. A strong HR department is critical to an organization’s effectiveness and success. This means getting to know the functions of the people within an organization where everyone benefits. Attracting the best talent, getting the most out of employees, maintaining an equal environment for everyone, and strategically leveraging resources are all essential elements of HR management.

What skills will I gain from this program?

  • Leadership skills
  • Interpersonal communication skills
  • Learn organizational behaviours
  • Deep understanding of HR processes

Why study at CBU?

  • What you’ll notice most about Cape Breton Island is the warm, welcoming community filled with the nicest people you’ll ever meet. It’s enough to write home about. Which is a good thing, considering HR includes a range of responsibilities that all deal with people.
  • As an HR professional, your work will require you to go above and beyond, including attracting the best talent, getting the most out of employees, maintaining an equal environment for everyone and strategically leveraging resources.
  • Cape Breton University prepares you for the realities of the working world. So, our program is designed to teach you how to create a cohesive, inclusive and fully functioning workplace. This means you’ll get the real-world experience you need with an education you deserve.

48 month

Duration

$ 17522

Tuition

View All Courses by Cape Breton University, Canada

Top Study Abroad Exams

GRE Exam

The Graduate Record Exam (GRE) is a necessary and popular enteryway exam that learners must pass in order to be acc.. Red More

GMAT Exam

The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a well-know evaluation for being accepted into MBA programs. Per... Read More

SAT Exam

The SAT is a Standardized evaluation that is necessary for enrolling in underaduate cur... Read More

Popular Universities to Study Abroad

Study in Canada
Study in USA
Study in UK
Study in NZ
Study in India
Study in UAE

Explore Colleges and Courses in Canada

Popular States
Popular Cities
Popular Streams

Latest Blog Posts

Trending Blog Posts

edmission

Search, Shortlist, Apply and get accepted! It’s that Simple to pursue your dream to Study abroad with Edmissions. Our team of experts provide you the right guidance that helps you to take admission in your dream college in countries like Canada, the USA, the UK

© 2021-2024 Edmissions - All rights reserved.

TALK TO OUR EXPERTS

whatsapp